At diagnosis, the majority of BCs are NMIBC. BC is divided into two subgroups: non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), an early stage of cancer (stages T0 to T1), and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), which is more destructive (stages T2 to T4). Globally, Bladder cancer (BC) alarms around 550,000 new cases annually and its frequency is continually increasing. Malignant bladder cancers are the greatest common tumors in the genitourinary system. Therefore, we can conclude that urinary BLACAT1 may be considered a non-invasive promising metastatic biomarker for BCs. Upregulation of BLACAT1 in invasive stages predicted an unfavorable prognosis for patients with BCs, as it contributes to the migration and metastasis of BCs. Furthermore, its predictive values are not like to be influenced by schistosomal infection.
Therefore, BLACAT1 can differentiate between metastatic and non-metastatic stages of BCs. This elevation was positively correlated with disease progression. 2), and higher levels were detected in the T3 stage with a mean value of (5.2 ± 0.6). Furthermore, in the invasive stages, its levels started to elevate in the T2 stage (1.2 ± 0. BLACAT1 was downregulated in superficial stages (T0 = 0.09 ± 0.02 and T1 = 0.5 ± 0.1) compared to healthy control. The expression levels of urinary BLACAT1 were detected by qRT-PCR assay in seventy (70) BC patients with different TNM grades (T0-T3) and twelve (12) healthy subjects as control. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the expression and clinical significance of urinary lncRNA BLACAT1 as a non-invasively diagnostic and prognostic biomarker to detect and differentiate BCs stages. Hence, finding sensitive and specific biomarkers for predicting the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with BC is critically needed. In addition, only a limited number of biomarkers are available for diagnosing BC compared to other cancers. The most urgent problem in BCs is the high recurrence rate as two-thirds of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) will develop into muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), which retains a feature of rapid progress and metastasis. Bladder cancer (BC) is recorded as the fifth most common cancer worldwide with high morbidity and mortality.
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